The South American Megacity New York And The Asian...

1.0 Introduction The world as we know it is experiencing an unprecedented shift for the first time witnessed in human history. It wasn’t even 100 years ago that the world was still overwhelmingly rural with global urban population rates around 10%. Fast forward to 2015, now accounting for roughly around 53% of the worlds population living in cities and is projected to rise to around 67% by 2050.1 The comparative analysis sets out to understand the opportunities and challenges among the North American megacity New York and the Asian megacity of Beijing. The metropolitan area of both New York and Beijing consist of a population each over 10 million people, which generally defines as a megacity. A â€Å"megacity† can also be coined as world city, global city, megalopolis, metropolis, conurbation, and agglomeration. Megacities such as New York and Beijing are comprised of a central core, surrounded by satellite cities within daily commuting distances, separated by greenspace. Thus, urban ag glomerations can be numerous cities and towns when they are linked by the flows of people, goods, and information, as long as the aggregate population exceeds 10 million.2 Sustainable development of megacities offers a new concept for the world economy in the twenty-first century. The focus of the paper is to understand the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development within megacities through urban structure/growth, economic structure, affordable housing, air pollution, andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesBut exactly how this drama will play out is an open question. Will China overthrow the existing order or become a part of it? And what, if anything, can the United States do to maintain its position as China rises? Some observers believe that the American era is coming to an end, as the Western-oriented world order is replaced by one increasingly dominated by the East. The historian Niall Ferguson has written that the bloody twentieth century witnessed the descent of the West and a reorientationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCulture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past

An Empire for Slavery Book Essay - 1538 Words

Randolph B. Campbells An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas provides in an in depth look at the slavery existence in the state of Texas. He provides the factors that explain the establishment and growth of slavery. Campbell also explains the economic and legal institution of Texas, and explores the physical and psychological effects of both slaves and their masters prior to the Civil War, during, and after emancipation. Campbell provides clear detail of slaverys impact on Texas slaveholders and society, and how the Civil war affected slavery prior to its destruction. Slavery came to Texas from Anglo-American settlers and gained a foothold during the colonial period. For example, Galveston Bay was a big slave trading†¦show more content†¦He provides unique insight and depth which is hard to refute because of the laws that allowed slavery to exist. In January of 1824, Stephan F. Austin issued the Criminal Regulations, which provided Texas with its first slav e code. The Criminal Regulations seemed to be the basis for the first codified slave code in 1836. The code involved five essential principles which allowed for slavery to exist in Texas. These principles included the right to own slaves, criminal conduct regarding slaves, the law afforded to the slaves, slave escapees, and free blacks respectively. With the Constitution of 1845, slave law had matured into an extensive system dedicated to the management of slavery. The extent of the laws by 1845 toward slavery were so vast it is hard to dispute the point that slavery was not a vital aspect in Texan life. Under the law, slaves were still afforded certain privileges that would allow them to gain a measure of responsibility. Campbell brings up the many responsibilities that slaves in Texas have in chapter 6. He states that a vast majority of slaves work in the fields, while around 30% of the slave population work in the towns and as cooks and butlers. He also brings up several instance s where skilled slaves hired themselves out to make money using their skills as carpenters or blacksmiths. Campbells provides a unique look into slavery that most authors do not convey. Slavery in Texas, while terrible, provided aShow MoreRelatedThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 Pagesvery often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaborated on by many authors. Armitage and Subrahmanyam claim, â€Å"it is to the task of reinterpreting them that this volume contributes by viewing the Age of Revolutions as a complexRead MoreLiverpools Slave Trade as a Centre of a Global Commerce and an Important Factor in British Economic Growth1437 Words   |  6 Pages This essay will attempt to answer the question by approaching it in three stages. Firstly it will assess the importance of Britains slave trade in the context of global commerce, especially during the 18th century. Secondly it will attempt to show the degree of significance - and the reason - for Liverpools involvement as a British port, and thirdly, to find out whether or not this had a bearing on Britains economy in general. In other words, the essay will attemptRead MoreSlavery And Colonial Rule During Colonialism1459 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery and Colonial Rule During the years of European colonialism in Africa, slavery was used as the main source of labor for various colonial projects. Slaves worked on various levels of service to the colonial powers, especially the French. These include working on plantations and military service. Even though the French and the British were profiting from the labor and oppression of Africans, they soon faced opposition for their use of slavery as a tool for economic gain. In this essay, I willRead MoreA Brief Note On The Punic Wars And Rome1713 Words   |  7 PagesEvan Myers Dr. Cary Western Cultural Traditions I October 14, 2015 Rome Midterm Essays Punic Wars The three Punic Wars were between ancient Carthage and Rome and took place over almost a century. The wars began in 264 B.C. and ended in 146 B.C. with the destruction of Carthage (History.com Staff). At the time the war broke out, Carthage was the world’s leading maritime power in the Mediterranean and Rome was the dominant power in the Italian Peninsula (History.com Staff). 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The war ended in 1763, forcing France and Spain to cede their regions of North America to the British empire (namely, Canada and Florida). This acquisition andRead MoreJames M. Mcpherson : An American Civil War Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesHe received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom, his most famous book. McPherson was the president of the American Historical Association in 2003, and is a member of the editorial board of Encyclopedia Britannica. In his early career McPherson wanted to leave a legacy as being known for the historian who focusses on more than one point. Through skillful narrative in a broad-ranging oeuvre of essays and books, McPherson has succeeded in telling both stories, combining social, political

Film as the Most Important Art Form of the Twentieth...

Film as the Most Important Art Form of the Twentieth Century The use of film and its explorations have progressed steadily since the 1800’s and as our title suggests, it has become an important art form and a huge influence on society today. Influencing the way we live, the way we speak, the way we act and more. There isn’t an art form closer to representing ‘reality’; this is why film has such an affect on all of us! The first ‘image of motion’ created was in 1873 when Eadweard Muybridge, an English photographer used a series of cameras placed along a racetrack to capture the movement of a galloping horse. Muybridge then moved a step closer to the existence of film when he invented The†¦show more content†¦As these camera’s can offer what is considered as ‘advanced’ today, the many film directors now take full advantage and a modern film is often based around its use and level of special effects and stunts. These directors are given the opportunity to take everyday life activities and add to them in the most exciting or surreal ways possible! As viewers, we can relate to these scenes but the additional, experimental effects cause our minds to expand and think into more depth about our daily experiences. This is how film today in the Twentieth Century can be argued to be the most important art form. No matter how it is done, art has always represented something or someone from our lives today, in the past or even in the future. Paintings and photography for example portray still image, whereas film and theatre works through conveying image, sound and movement! 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Urinary Tract Infections in Older Persons- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theUrinary Tract Infections in Older Persons. Answer: Urinary Tract Infections in Older Persons Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur when bacteria attack the urinary tract via the urethra and they begin multiplying in the bladder. Urinary tract infections commonly affect women affecting the bladder and the urethra (Bardsley, 2017). This is because in women, the urethra is usually shorter therefore, shortening the distance traveled by bacteria to reach the bladder. There are several other risk factors that contribute to the development of urinary tract infections. These according to Beveridge et al (2011) include sexual activity; women who are sexually active have increased chances of having UTIs, some types of birth controls; the use of diaphragms and spermicidal agents puts a woman at a higher risk, menopause; circulating estrogen declines after menopause which results in changes in the urinary tract thus putting the women at a higher risk of being infected. There are different types of urinary tract infections in accordance with the particular parts that get affected. One of them is acute pyelonephritis that affects the kidney. The symptoms include pain on the upper back and on the side, nausea and vomiting. Another type of Urinary Tract Infection is cystitis that affects the bladder (Bardsley, 2017). The symptoms include pelvic pressure, blood in urine, frequent painful urination and lower abdomen discomfort. Finally, there is urethritis which affects the urethra. Its symptoms are burning sensation during urination and discharge. When urinary tract infections are not treated early enough, various complications may arise like recurrent infections, urethral narrowing where there is recurrent urethritis especially in men, permanent kidney damage, delivery of premature infants or of low birth weight in pregnant women and sepsis (Beveridge et al, 2011). Urinary tract infections in older persons may present hard to find out because they do not show the common signs and symptoms. This can be attributed to their slower immune system. Some of the non-classical symptoms of urinary tract infections in older adults include incontinence, agitation, falls, decreased mobility, urinary retention, lethargy and decreased appetite (Bardsley, 2017). Other severe symptoms could be vomiting, flushed skin, back pain, fever and nausea when the infection spreads into the kidney. There are certain conditions and factors that put the older persons at risk of UTIs. Conditions common in older persons like diabetes, Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease may lead to neurogenic bladder which increases the risk of urinary tract infections (Beveridge et al, 2011). Dementia, use of a catheter, history of UTIs, bowel incontinence, prolapsed bladder and bladder incontinence are also risk factors for UTIs in older persons. Confusion and Behavior Change As one gets older, changes take place in the immune system causing it to respond to the infection differently. Older persons may have increased signs of agitation, withdrawal and confusion (Ninan, 2013). Behavior changes can be caused by Urinary Tract Infections in persons with Alzheimers disease. These distressing changes in behavior are known as delirium and can range from restlessness and agitation to hallucinations. Delirium is a mental dysfunction that manifests with neuropsychiatric abnormalities than can occur within hours or days (Davidson et al, 2013). It is marked by decreased awareness and attention. Some symptoms include disorientation, illusions, clouded consciousness, hallucinations, dysphasia, tremor and motor abnormalities. Delirium that presents with increased motor movement is referred to as hyperactive delirium while the one that presents with low motor movement referred to as hypoactive delirium (Huh, 2016). Older persons more often experience hypoactive delirium. Sometimes Urinary Tract Infections also can increase the progression of dementia. Dementia is referred to as severe reduced mental ability thus interfering with ones daily life (Nicolle, 2013). Some of the symptoms may include difficulty in thinking and language, problem solving, memory loss and reduced ability to do everyday activities. It is progressive as damage of the brain cells continue. Safety and Communication Implications Delirium can increase the risk dementia and cognitive decline in older persons. Possible complications arise from these two conditions that affect the normal behavior of the older persons ((Huh, 2016). They may lose the ability to function or take care of themselves. They also lose the ability to interact well in their environment. Acquiring infections from the hospital is likely to occur as the patient stays longer in the hospital or in the nursing homes. The medications used may also present some side effects when treating the disorder (Bardsley, 2017). Since their perception is affected, they may become agitated, fearful, have combative behavior and could start wandering. Confusion and behavior change brought about by Urinary Tract Infections makes the patient vulnerable. Their safety is compromised due to impaired judgment and confusion (Ninan, 2013). When left alone, they can wander and get lost or have an accident. They are unable to take care of themselves like properly maintain their hygiene. This makes them vulnerable to other infections and diseases like water-borne diseases (Nicolle, 2016). Some become dysfunctional and cannot cook or look for proper food and can lead to malnutrition. The patients may also compromise the safety of the people close to them or their family members especially in an attempt to restrain the patient and he/she becomes violent. Communication is also implicated. When confusion and behavior change arises, communication becomes a challenge especially with the family members when they are not aware of the presentation of the illness and how to communicate during such conditions (Nicolle, 2016). The patient will not be aware of his/her condition and as a result cannot explain what is going on with him/her. During diagnosis, communication may also pose as a challenge and hindrance. Delirium always compromises the ability of the patient to communicate their symptoms (Huh, 2016). Difficulty in communication results from cognitive changes that affect the patients perception and attention or consciousness which are the main symptoms of delirium. This therefore, requires specialist intervention in order to understand the condition of the patient. Diagnosis of UTIs in Older Persons Diagnosis of UTIs can easily be done through urinalysis and a urine culture can be done to determine the causative bacteria in order to prescribe the best antibiotic. Ultrasound examination, X-rays, and CAT scan can also be used in diagnosis (Nicolle, 2016). Symptoms of confusion can pose a challenge in diagnosis of older persons. Confusion and behavior change is a sign enough to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections as they are symptoms that may develop in older persons with the infections. Further diagnosis can be done by a psychiatrist in order to manage the mental disorders like delirium and dementia that may arise in older persons upon infections of the urinary tract (Nicolle, 2013). Mental status assessment and neurological examinations will be necessary in the diagnosis of the mental disorders. Treatment and Management of UTIs in older Persons Antibiotics are the recommended treatment of UTIs in both old and young people. Some of these antibiotics include amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. They are prescribed according to the severity of the infection (Huh, 2016). When UTIs lead to confusion and behavior changes in older persons, it is important to manage these mental disorders. This includes pharmacological management supportive therapy. The patient may be required to stay in hospital for close monitoring. They should be allowed to sleep between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. undisturbed so that they maintain a normal sleep cycle (Nicolle, 2016). Techniques like reorientation or memory cues like family photos maybe are helpful. Keeping the patient a stable, well- lit and quiet environment reduces the risk of delirium by 53%. It is encouraged that the patient gets support from the family and familiar nurses (Davidson et al, 2013). Focus on the usefulness of interventions like daily interventions, physical or occupational the rapy and avoidance of sensorial deprivation significantly reduces the development of delirium in older persons. Care givers should avoid physical restraints as these patients may become violent and pull out intravenous fluids or climb out of the bed reducing compliance to medication. To manage the behavioral changes, there should be psychiatric consultations (Beveridge et al, 2011). Preventing all the UTIs is impossible but measures can be taken to reduce the chances of being infected. It is recommended that one drinks plenty of water; at least 8 glasses of water a day, avoiding bladder irritants, urinating as soon as the urge comes; approximately every two to three hours and keeping proper hygiene of the genitalia (Osamwonyi Foley, 2017). Older adults who are unable to take care of themselves and could be immobile are advised to stay in nursing home with proper care to help prevent UTIs. Conclusion In conclusion, older persons are vulnerable and prone to various infections and conditions that put them at a higher risk of being infected with Urinary Tract Infections. This is due to changes in their immune system which responds slowly. Mental disorders of confusion and behavior change arising from UTIs can be reversed as they are not permanent. This is through treating the underlying cause which is the urinary tract infections and also supportive therapy to manage the developed delirium and possibly dementia. UTIs cannot be prevented but chances of contracting it can be reduced greatly. References Bardsley, A. (2017). Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of urinary tract infections in older people.Nursing Older People,29(2), 32-38. Beveridge, L., Beveridge, L., Davey, P., Phillips, G. (2011). Optimal management of urinary tract infections in older people.Clinical Interventions In Aging, 173. Davidson, E., Zimmermann, B., Jungfer, E., Chrubasik-Hausmann, S. (2013). Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections with Vaccinium Products.Phytotherapy Research,28(3), 465-470. Huh, J. (2016). The Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Institutionalized vs. Noninstitutionalized Elderly Persons.Urogenital Tract Infection,11(2), 56. Mody, L., Juthani-Mehta, M. (2014). Urinary Tract Infections in Older Women.JAMA,311(8), 874. Nelson, J., Good, E. (2015). Urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in older adults.The Nurse Practitioner,40(8), 43-48. Nicolle, L. (2008). Urinary tract infections in older people.Reviews In Clinical Gerontology,18(02), 103. Nicolle, L. (2013). Issues in the Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in the Older Adult.Current Translational Geriatrics And Experimental Gerontology Reports,2(3), 136-142. Nicolle, L. (2016). Urinary Tract Infections in the Older Adult.Clinics In Geriatric Medicine,32(3), 523-538. Ninan, S. (2013). Don't assume urinary tract infection is the cause of delirium in older adults.BMJ,346(may15 1), f3005-f3005. Osamwonyi, B., Foley, C. (2017). Management of recurrent urinary tract infections in adults.Surgery (Oxford),35(6), 299-305. Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Adults. (2016).Critical Care Nurse,36(4), e9-e11.